尼古拉•伯恩斯坦 [Nikolai Aleksandrovich Bernstein 1896.05.11(1896.10.24)－1966.01.16]，前苏联生理学家、教授，生于莫斯科。主要研究心理生理学，尤其是运动生理学问题。
“运动的感觉修正原则”在他的思想体系中心有显著地位，与 H.K.阿诺兴的“返回传入”概念及控制论中的“反馈”概念相类似。
运动的感觉修正原则指出了调节传出过程，必须利用感觉信号，缺乏感觉信号并不是传出装置障碍，而恰恰是运动障碍的根源。因此，起机能作用的不是反射弧，而是反射环。根据这些原则，他的《论运动结构》一书中对运动结构的不同水平（皮层下水下、皮层水平、包括高级皮层水平）进行了全面的阐述。
他任职于莫斯科劳动研究所期间开始从事人体运动研究，逐步完善了一种反机械论的心理生理学理论。这种理论强调人类行为的主动性而非被动性。在 N.维纳发现控制论前 10 年，即 1935 年，伯恩斯坦就提出了一种用于解释随意运动的反馈机制。在《论运动结构》一书中对随意运动的发展和感觉运动技能的获得作了全面的分析。
另一个重要的观点是有关有机体行为的目的指向性问题。它引进“所需的”未来东西的密码和编码模型的生物校制论概念，对某一现象的合目的性问题作出解答。按这种概念，目的乃是这种未来的东西在头脑中的编码模型，这种编码模型在与其相应的动作完成之前就已经存在，因此它才可能实际上规定这一动作的方向。伯恩斯坦认为：有机体的生命活动和行为不是决定于有机体与环境的平衡，而是决定于在生命活动的进程中对环境的征服。有机体正在为达到对未来的东西的编码模型而斗争。
他把生物的主动性理解为“借助于适当机制而进行目的指向性斗争的动态过程。”其工作的某础是从现代科学的最新成就出发，从推动科学前进的新事物出发，试图提出并解答新问题，对似乎已经解决了的问题寻求新的答案。这些问题虽有过激的争论，但越来越受到有关方面的重视。
伯恩斯坦坚决反对将条件反射作为研究人类行为的基础。他全面地检验了对 I.巴甫洛夫学派的怀疑。他的理论成功地应用于康复器械的设计、运动心理学和苏联宇航员的训练上。40 年代末，他遭到巴甫洛夫学派的严厉批判，其著作也被禁止出版。直到 60 年代，前苏联心理学界对伯恩斯坦才有了一个全面的认识。那个时期他主要研究预测事件发生的概率机制和“未来意象”的形成。这种“意象”与其说是生理学上的概念不如说是心理学上的概念，它决定了行为的策略，并且对基本的行为动作实施控制。
14. G. I. Rossolimo (1860-1928)
(the left)G. I. Rossolimo was attracted to neurology as a medical student in the late nineteenth century and remained affiliated with Moscow University most of his life. His training included psychiatry, neuropathology, and laboratory research in his postgraduate years. The domain of his neurological clinical interests was vast. His most enduring efforts were directed toward neurological illnesses and developmental delay. He established a children's institute for neurology and psychology that was the first of its kind in Russia. In addition he developed a neuropsychologic examination for assessing cognitive function. His sustained interests were pursued during and after revolutionary changes in his government.
15. L. V. Zankov
1991'4, p.119
Ippolitov F. V.
Psychology of memory in L. V. Zankov's works
(RESUME)
There are four directions in which L. V. Zankov's research of psychology of memory gave significant results. The first of them is genetical analysis of mnemic activity, based on age characteristics, levels of learning, sanity and mental retardedness. The second one deals with the display of mnemic activity methods. The third one analyses the duscrepancy between mnemic purpose and real content of memorizing matter. The fourth one is concerned with un-deliberate processing of information specificity. L. V. Zankov is one of the first Soviet experimenters who paid attention to specific paradox of set in memorizing of meaningful matter. His research stated the question of structure and content of sense units of a text. L. V. Zankov worked in social-defectological field too.
16. Adolph Meyer(September 13, 1866 - March 17, 1950)
Adolf Meyer, M.D., LL.D., (September 13, 1866 in Niederwenigen, near Zurich, Switzerland - March 17, 1950), was a Swiss psychiatrist who rose to prominence as the president of the American Psychiatric Association and was one of the most influential figures in psychiatry in the first half of the twentieth century. His focus on collecting detailed case histories on patients is the most prominent of his contributions; along with his insistence that patients could best be understood through consideration of their life situations.
“The commonsense psychiatry of Dr. Adolf Meyer”
Lief, Alfred
New York, NY, US: McGraw-Hill. (1948). xvii, 677 pp.
Abstract:
Dr. Meyer has never written a systematic treatment of his psychiatric theories, yet his influence in the history of psychiatry has been very great. In this volume the author presents 52 selected papers together with a biographical narrative. The papers are arranged to illustrate the development of Meyer's thinking rather than by the chronology of their own publication.
Full text: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1528263/
Reference:
A. N. Bernshtein-
http://www.whpsy.com/person/b/Bernstein.N.A.htm
G. I. Rossolimo-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17365553
L. V. Zankov-
http://www.voppsy.ru/eng/resume/1991/914/E914119.htm
Adolph Meyer -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Meyer_(psychiatrist)
http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1949-01569-000
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1528263/
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